Slavery Essay Introduction Example For Students

Subjugation Essay Introduction Getting away from subjugation in 1838 must be a slippery encounter; getting away from bondage whenever would be! Most slaves couldnt peruse or compose, yet one slave, Fredrick Douglass, broke that boundary and some more. In this specific composing he utilizes a fully open perspective to plainly get his considerations over. He does this by utilizing a wide assortment of expression alongside sentence familiarity. A model can be found in each sentence of each section. I found in each white man a foe, and in pretty much every hued man cause for doubt. It was a most agonizing circumstance; and, to get it, one should needs encounter it, or envision himself in comparable conditions. His account perspective about bondage, or rather first individual experience on servitude, is communicated all through as he clarifies subjection as being both life and demise. How somebody can compose with such forceful feeling, is past me, however Douglass accomplishes more than that. He catches and enraptures the peruser into considering and envisioning his encounters. Using solid language, Fredrick Douglass, relates his perusers to the life of a slave while simultaneously clarifying how one would never comprehend except if he encounters the difficulties of bondage all alone. Fredrick Douglass has such an ability at maneuvering his perusers into the composition and making them imagine what's going on, that anybody could begin to look all starry eyed at his composition. A model can be found in, There I was amidst thousands, but then an ideal outsider Another normal saying discovered ordinarily inside the section is the utilization of allegories. Some are seen in,I felt like one who had gotten away from a sanctum of hungry lions, being taken advantage of by his individual man, as the repulsive crocodile takes advantage of his prey!, and among individual men, yet feeling as though amidst wild brutes. By utilizing such analogies, Douglass is helping his perusers better envision his feelings . Each sentence streams smoothly and without defect. There are no punctuations or cruel sounding words that don't have a place or fit among the others. The words fit together consummately, as do the thoughts so as to make a wonderful paper loaded up with feeling. With these interesting expressions and a few employments of punctuation, an extraordinary exposition came; without these, it wouldnt fit together like the bits of a riddle. Fredrick Douglass is either a virtuoso or feels emphatically on the subject of bondage. I dont know which one or if both were available however some way or another he had the option to create such an article so as to make individuals increasingly mindful of the life of a slave Words/Pages : 448/24

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Writing Review - Essay Example Kundera shows himself both as a capable history specialist and analyst. In very much organized, captivating way Kundera captures his perusers in the realms of his books. His innovative works is an indication of ideological battle of Czech scholarly people in the period of Stalinism. Kundera was a Communist himself when this belief system was conceived, yet very soon he was expulsed from the Party and his profession was compromised on account of his blameless joke. From that second Kundera in his books utilized jokes, incongruity and mockery so as to show how blameless play can demolish lives. This examination paper is centered around his two books â€Å"The Joke† and â€Å"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting†. On the instances of these two works a change of Kundera from a scrutinizer of the past to a snide charlatan of the past is appeared. Dualistic way of Kundera’s composing is appeared as a reason for his books. Hence the essayist discusses the past and the present; he shows practical and nonrealistic primary characters; portrays the hole between heroes’ convictions and real factors and so on. His way of composing is bipolar; in such a way Kundera probably needs to show the uncertainty of human lives. This vagueness was all around perceived on the case of the period of Stalinism. Individuals needed to think and act in one manner in their day by day life, yet in their cognizant, central cores they lived different lives. Ruinous power of Stalinism is appeared on the instances of Kundera’s primary characters of these two principle books. Ludvik, Helena, Mirek, Tamina and others were destructed by the tremendous ‘Communist slaughter’. So as to survey their pith, investigate their past, these characters meander between self-examination and vengeance, between blaming them and the history for their lost lives. In these disastrous turbulences echoes a fate of Kundera. In this manner while perusing these two books it is conceivable to uncover the window ornament of strange virtuoso of

Reading reflection 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perusing reflection 9 - Essay Example On most events, individuals condemned to death regularly utilize this term as a ground of safeguard. Demonstrating their honesty through this ground of protection is a productive and compelling way of getting their opportunity. Considering further this thought of improper feelings, I came to understand that the best and most effective strategy for absolving these individuals is using DNA proof. My enthusiasm for the perusing made me to explore on a case that included an individual who was illegitimately indicted, and from that point discharged. I chose Joe D Ambrosio, who was discharged on March 2010. Ambrosio was sentenced in 1989 for the homicide of Klann, yet during his preliminary, examiners neglected to deliver proof that was absolving him, in spite of such proof being in their ownership (Free and Ruesink, 2012). Ambrosio was discharged by judge Synerberg for unjust conviction. From this case, I discovered that investigators and law requirement officials can make a person to experience the ill effects of violations they didn't submit, particularly if such people are not productive in their work. This article acquaints us with the component of racialism in the organization of equity in United States of America. For example, the article indicates that the Governor of Illinois, George Ryan, yielded that capital punishment framework in United States of America was loaded with blunder since it separated upon the individual who had the right beyond words who had the right to live, by breaking down the shade of their skin. Along these lines, he chose to pardon the death row convicts in his state. Considering this, I signify that however it was astute of him to complete such sort of an activity, it could have been acceptable in the event that he established arrangements and laws that would annul capital punishment in the State. This is on the grounds that he was in the situation of intensity. As I would like to think, the most ideal approach to decrease discriminatory organization of equity with respect to capital punishment, it is significant for states all over America to nullify the

The Politics of Knowledge in Feminist Literary Theory - Literature Essay Samples

To a substantial degree, the political system of patriarchy is dependent on the manipulation of knowledge. The biological, psychological, and economic discrimination against women, as well as other marginal groups, has relied upon the establishment of a singular construction of â€Å"truth† that is fundamentally exclusionary, yet regarded within the system as natural and objective. What is considered â€Å"outside† or â€Å"other† than the dominant notion of â€Å"truth† as defined by this patriarchal system is regarded as inferior and secondary. The political situation of women, as marginalized outsiders, has thereby relied upon a system of misrepresentation and misinterpretation. Feminist theory has thus been concerned with unraveling this long history of discrimination through the re-appropriation of knowledge by and about women. This project may sound straightforward, but the nature of knowledge for feminist theory is problematic on many levels, from l inguistic and psychological to social and historical. This process of rebalancing the politics of knowledge involves validating female literary production, battling basic binary oppositions such as male/female that have been internalized by women themselves, breaking down representations of women based on such binary oppositions, and finding an authentic female voice and language that is not marked by the psychological and social conditioning of patriarchal society, among others. These goals and projects are crucial if a knowledge emptied and freed of patriarchal influence is to be found and established. The beginning of the problematizing of knowledge within a political context can be said to begin with Virginia Woolf’s seminal work, A Room of One’s Own. Woolf points to the persistent suppression of female literary production, as women are kept from learning and confined to the roles of wife and mother. If a woman in Shakespeare’s time had comparable genius, sh e â€Å"would certainly have gone crazed, shot herself, or ended her days in some lonely cottage outside the village, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked at† (Woolf, 75). Despite holding potential and capability, and without social and economic freedom, or â€Å"a room of one’s own,† women are kept imprisoned by ideologies of what a â€Å"woman† is. In this way, Woolf recognizes that gender identity is constructed by â€Å"law and custom† and can consequently be challenged. In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir further elaborates on the constructed ideologies of womanhood that are regarded as natural and true. De Beauvoir points to how â€Å"man defines the human, not woman, in an imbalance which goes back to the Old Testament†¦ Woman is riveted into a lop-sided relationship with man: he is the ‘One’, she is the ‘Other.’† Such modes of representation are fundamentally political, as â€Å"man’s do minance has secured an ideological climate of compliance: ‘legislators, priests, philosophers, writers and scientists have striven to show that the subordinate position of woman is willed in heaven and advantageous on earth’† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 119-120). Such supposed â€Å"knowledge† of the meaning of womanhood has been used for centuries to keep women subjugated to men. Following from Woolf and de Beauvoir’s recognition that the â€Å"knowledge† of gender identity is in fact socially constructed is the exploration of how these constructs are formed and maintained. For a number of feminist literary theorists, language is a primary source of this construction. Semiotics has taught us that our ideas are not linked by any natural means to the words that are meant to represent them. That is, â€Å"the bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary† (Saussure, 272). Further, as poststructuralism has demonstrated, this p rocess of signification is fundamentally unstable. Signifiers are not naturally linked to what they signify; rather, they â€Å"lead a chameleon-like existence, changing their colours with each new context† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 145). This context through which language is formulated is historical, social, and ultimately political. According to Michel Foucault, â€Å"what is ‘true’ depends on who controls the discourse’ (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 121), â€Å"discourse† being defined as what â€Å"determines what it is possible to say, what are the criteria of â€Å"truth†, who is allowed to speak with authority, and where such speech can be spoken† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 147). In a patriarchal system, it is men that hold this authority. They control meaning, being the arbitrary relations between signifiers and signifieds. For feminist literary theory, this has meant a long history of negative representations of women, f rom Aristotle’s contention that â€Å"the female is female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities† and John Donne’s reiteration of Aquinas’s notion that â€Å"form is masculine and matter feminine: the superior, godlike, male intellect impresses its form upon the malleable, inert, female matter† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 115). Women are seen as passive, weak and inferior, while men are seen as active, strong and superior, among a great number of binary oppositions that comprise perhaps the strongest binary opposition of all, that of male/female. The discourse of patriarchy has thus kept women in a secondary state, beneath that of the dominant social group. According to this â€Å"symbolic order of culture† women â€Å"do not speak, desire, or produce meaning for themselves, as men do, by means of the exchange of women.† Recalling de Beauvoir’s observation of woman as the symbol for â€Å"Other,† women are only consi dered human beings insofar as they are like men. In short, the â€Å"human subject† can only be conceived as male (de Lauretis, 298). In this sense, the â€Å"domination of discourse† by men â€Å"has trapped women in women inside a male ‘truth’† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 121). The challenge for all women is how to break free of this knowledge system, and by extension, the repressive political order that is supported by it. This challenge begins with an understanding of male â€Å"knowledge† as a system of constructions that keeps women oppressed, and efforts to recover alternative truths written by women themselves. Kate Millet’s work, Sexual Politics, was pivotal in solidifying the notion that patriarchy is a pervasive â€Å"political institution† that â€Å"subordinates the female to the male or treats the female as an inferior male† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 123). Borrowing from social science the difference bet ween sex and gender, where â€Å"sex is determined biologically but ‘gender’ is a psychological concept which refers to culturally acquired sexual identity† she attacks â€Å"social scientists who treat the culturally learned ‘female’ characteristics (passivity etc.) as ‘natural’† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 124). Millet privileges literature as a space in which the culturally imposed knowledge that is keeping women politically repressed can be and has been challenged. However, given that men have long shaped â€Å"literary values and conventions,† it is â€Å"possible for the female reader to collude (unconsciously) in this patriarchal positioning and read ‘as a man’† (Selden; Widdowson; Brooker, 125). That is, while breaking down the illusionary knowledge that supports patriarchy is certainly fruitful, it is difficult to remove oneself entirely from the system whilst working within its confines. Elain e Showalter refers to this practice of deconstructing the ideology underlying â€Å"the images and stereotypes of women in literature, the omissions and misconceptions about women in criticism, and women-assign in semiotic systems† as â€Å"feminist reading or the feminist critique† (Showalter, 459). While this work is certainly illuminating and rewarding, it is limited to merely â€Å"redressing a grievance† and building upon â€Å"existing models.† Showalter argues that this â€Å"feminist obsession with correcting, modifying, supplementing, revising, humanizing or even attacking male critical theory keeps us dependent upon it and retards our progress in solving our own theoretical problems†. As long as feminist literary theorists â€Å"look to androcentric models for out most basic principles—even if we revise them by adding the feminist frame of reference—we are learning nothing new†. Beyond merely revising male-centred dis course, what feminist criticism needs is to find â€Å"its own subject, its own system, its own theory, and its own voice† (Showalter, 260). This involves rejecting the male canon in favour of literature by women, through which the formerly male human subject can be conceived as female as well. Showalter’s concern with finding alternative methods of reading and interpretation is echoed within the work of French feminist theorists such as Helene Cixous and Julia Kristeva. Both attempt through their writings to subvert and reorder the symbolic order that keeps women politically repressed. In â€Å"Castration or Decapitation?† Cixous focuses on the masculine economy of power that keeps women passive, silent, and powerless. According to Freud and Lacan, woman is â€Å"outside the Symbolic, that is outside of language, the place of the Law, excluded from any possible relationship with culture and the cultural order† (Cixous, 483). This is because she lacks th e â€Å"transcendental signifier† of the phallus, which orders masculinity. Without this lack, she cannot participate in the construction of meaning, leaving her outside the masculine economy. The masculine economy is defined by the concept of debt, wherein â€Å"the child owes his parents his life and his problem is exactly how to repay them.† This obligation is threatening to man, who wants to â€Å"hastily†¦ to return the gift, to break the circuit of exchange that could have no end† in order to â€Å"owe no one a thing.† Difficulty arises when this system is confronted with love, which is â€Å"hard to give back† since it is in a sense a gift, but one that has no definable way of repaying; it is open-ended. Woman, as the object of love, is consequently â€Å"the place of this mystery† and â€Å"stands in the place of not knowing† as her role as â€Å"Other.† This dynamic enables man to define his masculinity, â€Å"to keep overcoming, dominating, subduing, putting his manhood to the test, against the mystery he has to keep forcing back† (Cixous, 485). In this masculine economy, woman is kept passive and silent. Cixous then explores the notion of an alternative economy wherein women regain their voice and power, affirming their difference and creating their own knowledge, thereby rejecting the knowledge of the masculine economy in which woman only exists in relation to man. For Cixous, this requires allowing women to speak and to write, but not to produce writing â€Å"that’s in effect masculine.† Here, language stands on its own as being masculine or feminine, so that the gender of the text does not determine which economy it is representing. A true female text is â€Å"an exploration of woman’s powers† that is fundamentally political and defined by a â€Å"female libidinal economy† based on the fullness of the â€Å"gift† that is not withheld. The feminine text is overflowing in its openness and ability to cross limits, in contrast to the closed and incorporated masculine â€Å"system of returns† that is marked by withholding and resolving debt (Cixous, 489-490). In this way, Cixous challenges how ideas of â€Å"woman† have been constructed within patriarchal culture, offering a way for women to re-imagine and re-construct their own textual representations, and ultimately gaining the power that comes with such knowledge. In â€Å"Stabat Mater† Julia Kristeva similarly explores the notion of a â€Å"feminine text.† Stylistically, her essay is non-linear and decentred, retaining an open discourse that consciously subverts that of Cixous’ closed, masculine economy. The work consists of a dialogue between abstracted idea of mother, versus the mother as an actual, individual woman, that is, between the Virgin Mary and Kristeva’s own experiences as a mother in the twentieth century. In t his way, Kristeva challenges the abstracted fantasy of idealized motherhood as represented by the mythical Virgin Mary, seeking a more authentic representation not just for herself, but also for all mothers. Kristeva deconstructs and exposes the historical roots of the symbolism surrounding the â€Å"virginal cult in Christianity† (Kristeva, 188). Aside this linear narrative is a poetic and openly personal description of the experience of childbirth and motherhood. The result is both an explanation and a demonstration that motherhood â€Å"today remains, after the Virgin, without a discourse† (Kristeva, 202). While the radically non-linear linguistic explorations of Cixous and Kristeva are certainly fruitful, they also risk moving away from the important political aspects of overcoming such conventional representations of women. Where ‘woman’ is recognized as â€Å"not a physical being but a ‘writing-effect’† feminist theory may become overly abstracted from the quite physical and embodied focus of its analysis. What is important to many theorists is maintaining the contextual and political aspects of the discourses within feminist theory. That is, ensuring that above all that feminist literary theory contains a social critique, despite ontological difficulties â€Å"about the nature of speech [and] about the status of significance† which â€Å"forces us to reconceive the very concepts and relations of ‘self’ and ‘world’† (Con Davis; Schleifer, 569). This raises a new debate about the political ramifications of the nature of perception and the possibility of an exclusive female subjectivity. This is in many ways a return to a central conflict within feminist thought: namely, who is it that is said to â€Å"know† and what power does this â€Å"knower† hold?Diana Fuss addresses the problems raised by the idea of an inherent female subjectivity in â€Å"Reading l ike a Feminist.† She asks, â€Å"What is it exactly that underwrites and subtends the notion of a class of women or a class of men reading?† (Fuss, 581). To assume that women hold their own particular way of reading and writing is an â€Å"essentialist† viewpoint, essentialism being â€Å"what is taken for granted, assumed, or presented as ‘natural’ in discourse (Con Davis; Schleifer, 566). In this sense, to assume the existence of a female subjectivity as many feminist theorists is to move away from discipline’s social constructionist roots, whereby terms such as â€Å"woman† and â€Å"feminist† are themselves arbitrary and politicized distinctions. Fuss argues that the construction of â€Å"a class of women† based on â€Å"‘essence’ or ‘experience’† leaves no space for â€Å"the real, material differences between women† such as â€Å"class, race, national, or other criteria†. Where in such categories are the differences between â€Å" ‘third world’ readers, lesbian readers, and working-class readers?† Given their â€Å"generality†, essentialist categories such as â€Å"‘the female experience’ or ‘the male experience’† are ultimately of â€Å"limited epistemological usefulness† because their reference point is one that is continually shifting and far too diverse (Fuss, 583-585). Fuss supports this viewpoint using Lacan’s poststructuralist psychoanalytic theory of the unstable subject, whereby the â€Å"‘I’†¦is not given at birth but rather is constructed, assumed, taken on during the subject’s problematic entry into the Symbolic†. It follows that â€Å"the question ‘who is speaking’ can only be answered by shifting the grounds of the question to ‘where am I speaking from?’† (Fuss, 586). In other words, subjectivity is always determined by the social, historical, and political position from which one speaks or acts. There is no intrinsic â€Å"feminist approach to reading†; rather, â€Å"ways of reading are historically specific and culturally variable, and reading positions are constructed, assigned, or mapped†. Essentializing notions such as â€Å"a shared woman’s experience† or â€Å"a female reader† are thus inaccurate theoretical grounds. The only stable essence within feminist theory, Fuss concludes, is politics, as â€Å"politics is precisely the self-evident category in feminist discourse—that which is most irreducible and most indispensable† (Fuss, 589-590). In this sense, essentialist categories such as â€Å"class† and â€Å"women† are political constructs that should only be used sparingly and strategically for political ends as â€Å"determined by the subject-position from which one speaks† (Fuss, 587). For femi nist theory, this means that the essentialist category of women as a class† should be retained only â€Å"for political purposes† so that â€Å"politics emerges as feminism’s essence† (Fuss, 590). In â€Å"Pandora’s Box: Subjectivity, Class and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism† Cora Kaplan also emphasizes the need for feminist theory to maintain its own â€Å"radical social critique† in order to remain connected to the very social processes from which it arises. Kaplan argues that feminist criticism is â€Å"implicitly conservative in its assumptions about social hierarchy and female subjectivity, the Pandora’s box for all feminist theory† (Kaplan, 593). Like Fuss, Kaplan focuses on the need for feminist criticism to attend to social and historical context: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"without the class and race perspectives which socialist feminist critics being to the analysis both of the literary texts and of their co nditions of production, liberal feminist criticism, with its emphasis on the unified female subject, will unintentionally reproduce the ideological values of the mass-market romance† that â€Å"tends to represent sexual difference as natural and fixed†. Kaplan outlines three strategies which feminism has employed to deal with the problem of â€Å"the concept of the inner self and moral psyche†. Firstly, â€Å"women’s psychic life† was deemed to be â€Å"essentially identical to men’s† although â€Å"distorted through vicious and systematic patriarchal inscription†. The second strategy seeks to validate women’s psyche as inherently different from men, and often â€Å"in direct opposition†. The last strategy refuses to acknowledge the issue of gender construction in this way, viewing the notion of psychic difference as ideological (Kaplan 595-596). Kaplan rejects all of these strategies. Rather than seek out a unifi ed female subjectivity through a common method reading or writing, or through the commonality of the body, her strategy is to distance any such universal representations of women’s experience as a source of fact. Instead, Kaplan argues in favour of the inclusion of additional social categories such as class, recognizing that there is a â€Å"fusion of class and gender meanings† in literary representation (Kaplan, 602-604). It is this particular sort of historical understanding of the female subject that â€Å"we must uncover and consider†. As opposed to seeking stable, transhistorical answers to questions of what characterizes femininity or female textuality, Kaplan proposes that the psyche be redefined as â€Å"a structure, not as a content†. In that way race and class are included in feminist politics, and it is through the analysis â€Å"of how these social divisions and the inscription of gender† surrounding the historical subject â€Å"are mu tually secured and given meaning† that â€Å"we can work towards change† (Kaplan, 609-610). In â€Å"Variations on Sex and Gender: Beauvoir, Wittig and Foucault† Judith Butler, like Fuss, resists the notion of a female essence. Drawing on Beauvoir’s statement that â€Å"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman† Butler assumes that â€Å"become† means â€Å"purposely assume or embody†. She then asks the question, â€Å"If genders are in some sense chosen, then what happens to the definition of gender as a cultural interpretation of sex, that is, what happens to the ways in which we are, as it were, already culturally interpreted? How can gender be both a matter of choice and a cultural construction?† (Butler, 612). The answer to this question rests on the manner in which the body and embodiment has been culturally interpreted. That is, the binary in which men have been associated with â€Å"the disembodied or transcendent fe ature of human existence† while women account for the opposite, representing the â€Å"bodily and immanent feature of human existence†. Since in this symbolic order women are the â€Å"Other† for men, it follows that in order to â€Å"safeguard† their disembodiment, men have needed to keep women embodied (Butler, 615). Following from the Hegel’s master-slave dialectic, man is considered master of the bodily sphere, having transcended it, while women are kept enslaved within the body (Butler, 616). This cultural interpretation of the body demonstrates that â€Å"natural sex is a fiction† and what may be considered â€Å"distinctly feminine† is merely a historical development with the end cause of men holding authority over the female body (Butler, 620). Butler concludes that women do not â€Å"belong in the order of being†, rather they are locked into â€Å"a mode of becoming that is arrested prematurely† by the â€Å"red uctive imposition† of a category that decides what she is supposed to mean in relation to men. To overcome this categorization, â€Å"the task is not simply to change language, but to analyze language for its ontological assumptions, and to criticize those assumptions for their political consequences†. In sum, it can be concluded that â€Å"women have no essence at all† since they have no true signification beyond the role as symbolic â€Å"Other† within patriarchal discourse. It follows, then, that women have â€Å"no natural necessity† as well, for â€Å"what we call an essence or a material fact is simply an enforced cultural option which has disguised itself as natural truth† (Butler, 622). In this sense, Butler’s conclusion can be seen as the culmination of the criticism of Fuss and Kaplan, wherein retaining essentialist categories such as â€Å"women† or â€Å"femininity† that suggests a unified female subjectivity must be rejected entirely in order to break free of a politically repressive, male-dominated discourse. A central concern of feminist theory is the importance of locating and tearing down the systems of knowledge that support patriarchy. Recognizing that it is through the unnatural constructs of what is considered inherently â€Å"female† that women have been politically repressed, feminist theory is faced with the formidable political challenge of breaking free of this male-dominated discourse. This project has meant denaturalizing and deconstructing the â€Å"objective knowledge† that has justified patriarchal oppression and attempting to regain control of the meanings and representations associated with â€Å"female.† The manner in which this occurs, however, is very much disputed. The viewpoints of Fuss, Kaplan and Butler contrast on several levels with those of Showalter, Cixous and Kristeva. Where the latter strive to uncover what it is that makes women â €Å"different† through their language and literary history, and by exploring the possibility of a â€Å"woman-text,† the former resist ascribing women with any such â€Å"essence† at all. The problem with re-interpreting and re-presenting what is considered â€Å"female† can be seen to rest on conceptions of difference. Early theorists have sought to validate â€Å"female† difference while remaining within an essentially male-dominated discourse. Many insights have come from deconstructing male representations of women and re-imagining how â€Å"woman† may be freely expressed in text. However, this feminist discourse is fundamentally reactionary as it retains the male/female binary opposition. Seeking the â€Å"essence† of the â€Å"female† effectively validates this binary. To be â€Å"gynocentric† or â€Å"woman-centred† implies that the binary of centre/periphery has merely been redrawn, shifting the terms of i nequality rather than eradicating them altogether. The work of Fuss, Kaplan, and Butler demonstrate that such binaries should be surpassed altogether. Affirming the fundamentally political nature of feminist discourse, these theorists renew feminism’s focus on the social and historical contexts in which knowledge is formulated. Like the work of earlier theorists, the notion of singular or universal â€Å"truths† that are removed from time or place is problematized. Such notions lead to a privileging of some narratives over others; focusing on the contextual differences between all narratives neutralizes this conflict. However, this later feminist theory does not concern itself with replacing old representations of â€Å"woman†; rather, it focuses on the variety of social, historical, and political differences that have been marginalized by male-dominated discourse. The new discourse encompasses a range of knowledges that surpass that of generalized â€Å"womanà ¢â‚¬  to include class, race, ethnicity, homosexuality, and many others, in a process that is materialist, political, and revolutionary. Works CitedJudith Butler. â€Å"Variations on Sex and Gender: Beauvoir, Wittig, and Foucault† in in Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 4th edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Robert Schleifer, pp. 612-623. United States: Longman, 1998.Helene Cixous. â€Å"Castration or Decapitation?† In Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 2nd edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Ronald Schleifer, pp. 479-491. New York and London: Longman, 1989.Robert Con Davis and Robert Schleifer, Editors. Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 4th edition. United States: Longman, 1998. Diana Foss. â€Å"Reading Like a Feminist† in Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 4th edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Robert Schleifer, pp. 581-591. United States: Longman, 1998.Cora Kaplan. â€Å"Pandora’s Box: Subjectivity, Class, and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism† in Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 4th edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Robert Schleifer, pp. 593-610. United States: Longman, 1998.Julia Kristeva. â€Å"Stabat Mater.† In Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 2nd edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Ronald Schleifer, pp. 185-203. New York and London: Longman, 1989.Teresa de Lauretis. â€Å"Semiotics and Experience† in Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 4th edition, edited by Robert Con Davis and Robert Schleifer, pp. 297-318. United States: Longman, 1998.Raman Selden, Peter Widdowson, and Peter Brooker. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, 5th edition. Great Britain: Pearson Longman, 2005. Elaine Showalter. â€Å"Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness.† I n Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Robert Con Davis and Ronald Schleifer, pp. 457-478. New York: Longman, 1989. Virginia Woolf. Extracts from â€Å"A Room of One’s Own.† In Feminist Literary Theory: A Reader, edited by Mary Eagleton, pp. 73-80. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Alcohol Abuse A Continuous Pattern Of Drinking - 1185 Words

Alcohol abuse (305.00) is a continuous pattern of drinking that ends up harming your health, personal relationships or even being to work. It is also to be linked up to suicide. They say the risk of suicide is higher in older men who suffer from depression and have a history of drinking. Alcohol abuse adds to failure to report to work or be able to do your specific duties or responsibilities that need to be performed even at school, or home. Also leads to dangerous activities like drinking and driving. Alcohol abuse is combined with alcohol dependency (303.90) Alcohol abuse is combined with alcohol dependence will create a highly greater disorder to more moderate or severe disorder. Alcohol abuse has long term and short term risks to a person’s health. Alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency eventually will lead to binge drinking. Binge drinking is considered consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks in men and 4 or more alcoholic drinks in women. Binge drinking increases violent beha viors such as fighting, injuries, vandalism, abuse, trouble with the law, drunk driving, hurting yourself physically and mentally, and mostly problems with your personal and social life. It harms your memory and even impairs your working memory as well as not being able to comprehend what is being said or your own personal words being impaired. If you combine binge drinking with alcohol abuse and stress can lead to heart attacks. The chances of becoming dependent have been increasing within a week aShow MoreRelated Alcohol Abuse Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcohol by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns thatRead MorePreventative Measures of Alcohol Consumption in Kazakhstan1278 Words   |  6 Pagessociety has identified the increase of levels of alcohol consumption as a major problem, along with corruption, poverty, unemployment, and epidemic illnesses. Current levels of alcohol consumption would seem to be high enough to place Kazakhstan amongst the heaviest spirits-drinking countries in the world, although not high enough for the top place. Many of Kazakhstani social, demographic and health problems are attributable to the misuse of alcohol. According to Davis, this view is shared with someRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Syndrome999 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol is a major controversial topic in the world for as far back as 3000 B.C. Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Israelites used alcohol to extremes just as people of modern times currently use it. Conners (1992) references that in the ancient G reek world wine played a significant role. So much that it was reported that Dionysus, said to be the son of Zeus, shared the secret of making wine to the Greeks. Butcher, Hooley Mineka (2014) states â€Å"The World Health Organization no longer recommendsRead MoreIs Attending The Most Difficult Times For An American Student?1273 Words   |  6 Pagesstress and anxiety can lead to more serious consequences such as the choice to heavily consume alcohol, which yields detrimental physiological and psychological effects. Students typically struggle to find recourse for help with alcohol on campus. There needs to be more adequate resources for prevention and intervention available to students who struggle with managing stress and anxiety and addiction to alcohol. Sheer amounts of pressure and anxiety overwhelm college students. Usually the first stressorsRead MoreAlcoholism And The Human Body1653 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism and the Human Body. Anita Samu Absher Southern New Hampshire University Abstract Alcoholism and the Human Body. â€Å"Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches† (cdc.gov, 2014) and it has been part of our society for thousands of years. It is part of most social occasions we participate in, it is often celebrate an event or even mourn a loss but this substance can alsoRead MorePros and Cons of Drinking Alcohol1305 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol abuse is the most common problem, nowadays. In fact, majority of people drink alcohol repeatedly to the point where they have difficulty to stop. Statistics show that, as much as, â€Å"40% of college students report drinking five or more drinks in one episode† (Walters Baer, 2006). Alcohol has become more popular over the years as advertisements, simultaneously with commercials of it, filled the media. It also is easily accessible and cheap in comparison to other psychoactive substances. OnRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1389 Words   |  6 Pages13 Contemplation items: 36 Action items: 34 Maintenance items: 31 Pre-Contemplation- What does that mean? I would explain to Justin that individuals in the pre-contemplation stage of change are not even thinking about changing their drinking or drug behavior. They may not see it as a problem, or they think that others who point out the problem are exaggerating (Grohol, J. M., 2006, February 13). Contemplation – What does that mean? I would also give him the knowledge of each of theRead MoreA Brief Study on Alcoholism2875 Words   |  12 Pagesreferring to all problems related to alcohol. In general terms, it implies uncontrolled and compulsive intake of alcoholic drinks that detriment the health, social standing, and personal relationships of the drinker. Medics have considered alcoholism as a disease categorizing it as an addictive illness; in psychiatry, it is referred to as alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse. The World Health Organization has defined alcoholism as a syndrome of dependence on alcohol (Vaillant, 2009). Causes of alcoholismRead MoreA Brief Note On Contingency Management ( Cm )965 Words   |  4 Pagessubstance abstinence, treatment plan adherence, consistency with medication, continuous individual and group presence, and completion of specific goals. There is an assortment of reinforcement techniques that are available to use with CM like; currency, rewards, tokens, concessions, and other prizes. I would use the CM method when a client that denies that he is consuming any alcohol but shows signs of the substance abuse. This would be a good method for those who do better when they receive a rewardRead MorePreventing Risky Alcohol Use And Treating Problematic Use2551 Words   |  11 Pages Alcohol Use and Youth: Preventing Risky Alcohol Use and Treating Problematic Use Monica Monroy PH 456 June 6, 2015 Alcohol in the United States is a widely used and a socially acceptable substance for adults of legal drinking age. According to SAMHSA’s National Survey on Drug Use, more than half of Americans ages 12 and older have used alcohol within the past month. The focus of this paper is on the portion of Americans who are not allowed to legally purchase or consume alcohol

The Evil Behind The Truth - 1786 Words

The Truth behind the Truth Regardless of how one chooses to live their lives, there always seems to be a desire for something more. Despite the difficulty to understand certain life events, it seems that numerous authors yearn for the truth in their lives. In the Gospel of Matthew, Christ and his disciples struggle with understanding truth. Christ serves as a teacher for the disciples as he explains how â€Å"†¦the angels will appear and separate the wicked from the upright,/to throw them into the blazing furnace, where there will be weeping and grinding of teeth† (Matthew 13:49-50). This passage explains to the disciples how as long as they live free from sin, they will be able to better understand hell and live a fulfilling life. Meanwhile, in Oedipus Rex, Oedipus spends all of his time searching for the perpetrator in King Laius’s murder. On the other hand, in Antigone, the characters each seem to go different routes in discovering truth. Although Antigon e believes she owes â€Å"†¦a longer allegiance to the dead than to the living†¦,† indicating she seeks truth in the rules of the gods, Creon, the King and Antigone’s uncle, pursues the truth by strictly abiding to the rules of man. Ismene, Antigone’s sister, takes a middle stance by seeking a balance between the rules of man and the rules of the gods in hopes to find truth. Unlike Antigone, Ismene is more concerned in finding peace in her life, whereas Antigone and Creon seem more adamant about doing the right thing. InShow MoreRelated The Heros Journey in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay example1249 Words   |  5 Pages and is faced with obstacles. He must decide if he will carry his journey out till the end, or turn back and not learn the truth about himself and other humans. The story Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne traces Young Goodman Browns experiences, physical and psychological, paralleling the Heros Journey and showing how he discovers that humans are truly evil by nature; therefore, altering his views of other humans and life itself. In the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown is facedRead MoreHonesty And Knowledge : The Philosophy Of Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, And Immanuel Kant1249 Words   |  5 PagesSome of us will tell the truth for the moral sake of doing so, or because it can serve a purpose and actually prove to be mutually beneficial. Revealing sensitive or private information to someone is risky, but the philosophers Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant can agree that Larry would be doing a moral thing by informing Simon of his father’s infidelity. Essentially, for Saint Augustine, God is truth, and we should always work towards this truth. It is wisdom that providesRead MoreA Comparison Of Oskar Schindler And Amon Goeth : What Is Human Evil?1002 Words   |  5 Pagesvery different reactions to World War II. Human goodness is when one sees the truth, accepts it, and makes rational decisions based on the truth. Human evil is irrational decision-making, and when a person sees and understands the truth but choses to defy it. In Steven Spielberg’s Schindler’s List, philosophers Kant and Rahner would agree that Schindler is a representation of human goodness, and Goeth represents human evil. Oskar Schindler represents human goodness with his actions during the HolocaustRead MoreRole of Women in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesinto an aggressive man for expecting the throne, and being delegated as the thane of cawdor. All around the play, the ladies are always associated with evil, right from the earliest starting point of the play, beginning with the wyrd sisters. The three witches are indicated as vindictive creatures. They give of a quality like being an evil figure, who controlled each persons fate, and likewise, they were women. The agnostic part of the three witches is held with their examination to the FatesRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1436 Words   |  6 Pageshad and how various obstacles were overcome with he and his intended or fiancà ©. In Heart of Darkness, the main themes that are discussed and brought to light throughout the entire story are that of the hypocrisy behind the idea of Imperialism, the madness that surrounds the absurdity of evil, and the idea of the last encounter that Marlow has with Kurtz’s intended and the irony that surrounds the circumstance. First, the issue at hand with Imperialism and the insincerity that surrounds it is bafflingRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pages there is an eternal idea or form of each moral principle, such as justice, piety or truth. This essay will discuss the ethics of Plato, Socrates and St. Augustine According to Plato, evil is simply the result of ignorance. He believed that all people are attempting to do what they understand as good. He believes there are three parts of the soul. There is a rational and moral part of the soul that loves truth, justice and good. There is a spirited part of the soul that loves worldly achievementRead Moreyears and years the world has been blinded by the evils in society. There are three main matters1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyears and years the world has been blinded by the evils in society. There are three main matters that shade us from the truth every day. These are corruption/greed, media takeover, and ignorance. Corruption is one of the worst evils to enter society; it has seemed to become a type of faith on its own. The way it is evil is that corruption has blinded society by the way we think and act, it allows people in society to think that doing evil things is an ok thing to do. The reason corruption has changedRead MoreBiblical Allusions: Golding ´s Lord of the Flies884 Words   |  4 PagesFlies, Golding utilizes symbolism of places and characters to allude to the Bible. Out of the many references, four significant biblical allusions – title of the novel, Simon, beast, and the island itself – emphasize Golding’s theme inherent sin and evil in mankind. The title, Lord of the Flies, refers to the pig’s head that was placed on a spear and worshiped by the young boys on the island. In other words, the boys have chosen to believe in a fake deity, much like the people of Israel, who builtRead MoreWestern Views On Human Nature918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Four Noble Truths represents the realities of nature that cannot be denied. The first truth is that life is suffering. Meaning that to live is to suffer, it is not to say that the entirety of life is to suffer, but that suffering is a part of life. The second truth is the desire for what is liable to birth, impurity, decay, and death. All examples of suffering as a part of the normal course of life. The third truth is that the elimination of the desire, as told by the second truth, eliminates sufferingRead Moreessay945 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating Truth and Validity Exercise PHL/458 July 7th, 2014 Richard Burgoon â€Æ' Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise The arguments I choose to assess for truth and validity will be three statements taken from the Applications list 12.2 (a -y) at the end of Ch. 12, â€Å"The Art of Thinking† publication. I will start with the statement (j) the premise that power must be evil because it can corrupt people. Checking the argument for any hidden premises and ensuring it is stated fully and

Professional Capacity Building

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Capacity Building. Answer: Introduction This professional capacity building shows the pathway that I would like to follow to achieve my objective of becoming a professional nurse. It provides an overview of my strengths and opportunities. It further identifies the weaknesses and threats that I am likely to be faced with in my attempt of achieving the goals (Allen, Himmelfarb, Szanton, 2003/2004). In addition, it provides a list of objectives that I would like to achieve over the five-year period to succeed in my dream of becoming a professional community nurse practitioner. Further, still, this document provides a clear description of my critical thinking and analysis that supports the rational that I have the dream of becoming a community nurse (Holzemer Klainberg, 2014). Requirements to become a community health nurse A community nurse must be registered in the first case and must have done a community health course or a postgraduate degree in nursing. I intend to register for a post graduate degree in the shortest time possible so as to acquire skills that would enable me to be registered as a nurse by the Australian Board of Nursing and Midwifery. I would then be able to undertake the duties of a community health nurse (Basavanthappa, 2008). I would like to express my love for the community and the nursing profession at the same time. As a result, training to become a professional community health nurse would be the best way in which I would be able to accomplish my dream. Community health nurses educate community members and at the same time offer nursing practice to them (Hitchcock, Schubert, Sue, 2003). The focus of the community health nurses is to improve the health of family members in the assigned community. I look forward to doing the same role (Loman, D, Cinton, 2009). Besides, there is a high demand for community nurses. I would, therefore, love to fill in the vacancies that are in place. I understand quite well that the job is challenging and rewarding in equal measures. However, I believe in myself, and I am equal to the task (Jaruseviciene, Liseckiene, Valius, Kontrimiene, 2013). Need of Role in the Future There is a need for the community members' health needs to be met. It is my desire too to ensure that the needs of the people regarding health are fully met. It is also necessary for the increased demand for community health workers to be met. At the same time, it is necessary for health awareness to be improved. I will work together with other renowned healthcare team members in the provision of high-quality services to the community members (Lundy Janes, 2009). Critical Thinking and Analysis First, I would rehearse so as to be able to provide safe healthcare to community members in the most ideal and appropriate evidence; Second, I intend to undertake exercises that would improve my experts in the community health practice; And, third, I also look ahead to demonstrate my ability to conduct research in the field of community healthcare. At the same time, I recognize the research work that has been conducted in the field of community health. References Allen, J. K., Himmelfarb, D., Szanton, C. R. (2003/2004). Cost-effectiveness of nurse Practitioner/Community health worker care to reduce cardiovascular health disparities. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,, 308-314. Basavanthappa, B. (2008). Community Health Nursing. Jaypee Brothers Publishers,. Dunham, F., Lamarand, K. (2010). Community Nurse Practitioners:Roles and Scopes of Practice. Graduate Nursing EDU. (2015). Community Nurse Practitioner What is a nurse practitioner. Graduate Nursing EDU. Hitchcock, J. E., Schubert, P. E., Sue, A. T. (2003). Community Health Nursing: Caring in Action, Volume 1. Cengage Learning. Holzemer, S. P., Klainberg, M. (2014). Community Health Nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers,. Jaruseviciene, L., Liseckiene, I., Valius, L., Kontrimiene, A. J. (2013). Teamwork in primary care: Perspectives of general practitioners and community nurses in lithuania. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 118-118. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-118. Loman, D, G., Cinton, P. (2009). Community Nurse Practitioner: Practice opportunities and challenges. The Australian Nursing Journal, 157(4)., P. 526-527. Lundy, K. S., Janes, S. (2009). Community Health Nursing. Jones Bartlett Learning. MacDonald, J. M. (2005). Combination model of care for community nurse practitioners. British Journal of Nursing,, 1144-1148. .

Women Sports Of Today Essays - Sexism, Womens Sports, Ice Hockey

Women Sports Of Today Women and women's sports have made great strides since the mid 70's. Although, gender inequality in sports is still common in most sports today. Prior to the early 1970 women did not have teams or similar programs that the males had. In 1972 the government finally stepped in and passed Title IX of the Educational Amendments. Today women are given many opportunities to participate in sports. While opportunities have increased for women, the equal rights of men and women's athletics are still heavily favoring men's athletics'. Many sports played by women are still seen as inferior to men sports. Men can make a wealth profession from playing professional sports. Women have little to no options, as there are few professional women's team. The NBA and the WNBA are examples of a professional sport that both men and women have there own league. The biggest difference in the leagues is that the NBA players make extremely larger salary than the women of the WNBA. Main reason for the salary di fference is that people are willing to pay a larger amount to see a NBA game. Also the NBA has spent millions in advertisements. In most cases, women's athletics programs are seriously lacking the funds as compared to men's programs. In most universities men's programs have the better gym, the nicer facilities, the newest equipment, and the top notch coaching staff. While the women's teams are not subjected to the same luxuries as the men's teams. This is due to the bonuses schools have by having a excellent men's athletic program. Football teams like Nebraska, Texas, and Michigan rely heavily on their football teams. When there football team has a good year they will participate in a big time bowl, such as the 'Sugar Bowl'. Half of the money generated from the bowl is given to the school. This money usually ends up being a lot of money. Every year these schools depend on their football team to keep them financially sound. These schools can afford to pay a coach a large salary or build a new football stadium. These schools may have excellent programs for women's sports, but no female sport team can create the money that a big time football program can. Social equality of Men and Women's athletics has come a long way since 1970. Today women have some professional teams and have many sports opportunities in school. Racial discrimination in sports has existed since the beginning of sports. Much of all sports now are heavily desegregated, but racial discrimination has not disappeared. In the 1980's color was an issue as two black members of a golf team were not allow to play due to blacks not being allow to play on the course. Even with professional athletes, color has been an issue. Arthur Ashe was a professional tennis player who couldn't play tennis in some places in the United States. In 1986 black players of the Boston Red Sox were not allow to attend some clubs in spring training. Owners of professional teams could not afford to turn their heads on black athletes, as black athletes became their meal ticket to a successful franchise. While many black athletes are awarded with large financial contracts the owners are ones who are making more money. Without desegregation in some sports, owners would have been missing out on a golden opportunity. Some sports have been slow in the process of desegregation. Hockey for example is a sport that is mainly populated with white males. Players like Anson Carter of the Boston Bruins and Mike Grier of the Edmonton Oilers are example of black hockey player. Main reason that the NHL has few black hockey players is that many hockey players are from Canada and the northern States of the US. Place that are scarcly populated with black hockey players. Other reasons are that hockey is an expensive game to play and is mostly played in a cold weather area. Anson Carter is a product of his environment. He grew playing hockey as a child in Toronto, Ontario, a hockey city. While other friends quit hockey he stayed with it and now is a profession hockey player. Carter has received

one flew essays

one flew essays Chief Bromden, the half-Indian narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, has been a patient in an Oregon psychiatric hospital for fifteen years. During this time, he has pretended to be deaf and dumb. When he was a child, three government officials came to see his father about buying the tribe's land so they could build a hydroelectric dam. Bromden, ten years old at the time, was home alone. When he tried to speak to them, they acted as if he weren't there, sowing the seeds for his withdrawal into himself. Bromden's white mother joined forces with some of the members of the tribe to pressure Bromden's father to sell the land. Bromden, like his father, is a big man who came to feel small and helpless. In the hospital, Bromden and several other male mental patients are under the domination of Nurse Ratched, a former army nurse who rules her ward with an iron hand. Like Bromden's mother, Ratched is a castrating female with a keen skill in making men ineffectual and weak. She uses subtle manipulation to keep the more docile patients under control. During the daily group meetings, she encourages the patients to attack each other in their weakest places. With the more rebellious patients, she resorts to electro-shock treatment and lobotomies to maintain her tyrannical control over the ward. When Randle McMurphy arrives as a transfer from the Pendleton Work Camp, Bromden senses that something is different about this new patient. McMurphy waltzes into the ward and introduces himself to every patient as a gambling man with a zest for women and cards. After his first experience with the excruciating routine of the Group Meeting, McMurphy tells the patients that Nurse Ratched is a genuine "ball-cutter." The other patients tell him that there is no defying Nurse Ratched, because, in their eyes, she is an all-powerful force. True to his nature as a gambling man, McMurphy makes a bet with the other patients that he can make Ratched lose h ...

The United States as an Empire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The United States as an Empire - Research Paper Example An empire is defined as an extensive group of countries under the umbrella of a single supreme authority and mainly controlled by an emperor or an empress. An empire exercises control and influence over an expanded territory beyond its original boundaries while maintaining military posts or bases throughout the world. To maintain the control, an empire conducts wars of aggression on foreign lands and goes to an extent of offering protection to other countries as well. As a way of serving the less fortunate people from other countries, an empire accepts them into its realm as unskilled laborers. The United States is well endowed with powers that do not match any other nation. The absence of serious threats to the American security that gives the United States control over foreign policy choices. Lack of military threat gives the U.S opportunities for global outreach. The military capabilities enable the U.S to support its outreach ends. The U.S military has never been challenged by an y country. For instance, in the year 2012, the U.S military spending was bigger than any other spending of other influential military powers like China, Russia, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, India, Germany, Italy, and Brazil all combined. This is why the U.S dominates military globally, keeping international deployment at the present level, and tackling international missions successfully (Buzan 2004, p.9). Even before the Americans were free, they already had intimations of greatness. The French and the Indian War demonstrated that the U.S forces were of significant size as per the eighteenth century standards, especially their armies on the North American continent. The Anglo-American victory determined their western boundaries and further gave them the confidence of rendering superpowers over other governments.

Electrolux challenges in the appliance industry Essay

Electrolux challenges in the appliance industry - Essay Example Moreover, reducing the cost always could be an efficient way for the Electrolux’s sustainability, the company has relocated approximate 60% of its manufactures to low cost countries like China, India, and Mexico, and it also has reduced its overall energy consumption. In addition, Electrolux has focused on few issues, such as climate change, sound business practices, responsible sourcing and restructuring (Hill & Jones, 2012). Those new strategies helped Electrolux to gain more customer, saved more asset for more investment, furthermore, the strategies helped company to receive more subsidize from the government, this was a major way helped the company’s sustainability directly. The strengths of Electrolux is that it is a well-established company who has kept their head above water and have emerged a greater threat in the market due to their cost efficiency strategy. Electrolux does encounter weakness in their market, mainly currency risk due to operating in dozens of separate counties. Due to their manufacturing utilizing 20% of raw materials they face a larger manufacturing cost as well (Hill & Jones, 2012). Electrolux’s major threats are their number one competitor Whirlpool, as well as increase in labor costs due to Asian wage rises. However Electrolux does have many opportunities they can capitalize on such as becoming the leading socially responsible company in their market. Also the rise in the middle class population suggests that appliances demands should rise which leads to an increase in sales revenue (see appendix A). To measure the efficiency of Electrolux, it is noticeable that the company is not efficient due to its low operating margin. To fix this problem, Electrolux should consider the economic recession and focus more on the inelastic products such as washers and dryers. Since they are a necessity, consumer will spend money on them regardless of

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Example for Free

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Microsoft Publisher Microsoft Word Paint Internet Explorer This table shows all the applications I used to complete my coursework Name of Application Price Main Functions Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft Publisher i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft publisher is to create websites, documents, cards, almost everything ETC. It is easy to create these kinds of things with Microsoft publisher. It is very easy to create websites cards etc. It takes a very long time to install on the computer. It runs in a very fast speed so it doesnt need time to load up. It can be very confusing and you need to know how to use it. It has so many design options, about over 1,000 professionally designed templates. You cant make very precise layouts because it doesnt have the precise tools. Microsoft Word i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft office word is to create and also edit text, graphics in letters, reports, and web pages and also email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles and formatting the font. Data can be imported from a spreadsheet to this so that a mail merge can be created. It is quite difficult to store data like Microsoft Access. If you get any mistakes it can be corrected so easily. Not everyone will be able to purchase it because it costs too much. The work can be saved so that it could be done at another time. If people start relying on the spell checker they might lose their spelling skills. Internet Explorer You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. Some information can be biased and inaccurate. Used for a lot of things E. G. Communication, shopping, gaming E. T. C Surfing the internet too much, can be addictive. It can be accessed by anyone in the world. Illegal sites always occur even if youre surfing the web carefully. Paint You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is to create drawings and to display scanned photos. The other function is to create pictures and diagrams. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. It cant store information in a table like Microsoft Access. You can draw logos, pictures E. T. C Older versions of it cannot open files that are from a newer version. It has a special image function which allows you to edit or change photos. It cannot type in text in different forms like Microsoft Office Word. Alternatives This table show the alternatives of the table above Name of Application Alternative Application The way it works Advantages Disadvantage Difference it would make if I used it Microsoft Publisher Adobe Dreamweaver The main function of Adobe Dreamweaver is to create mainly websites but other things can be made such as cards, magazines etc. Websites can be made much more accurately and much more precise than Microsoft word. It is much more expensive than Microsoft word so it cant be purchased by everyone. The main difference it makes is that I would be able to work more accurately and create better websites. However it is more complicated than Microsoft publisher so it will be hard to use. Website designers can make changes to the design of a website simply by editing the Dream Weaver template files. It is much more complicated than Microsoft word so itll be hard to use. Simple and complex websites can be designed using a point and click method. It takes much longer to install. Microsoft Word Open Office Writer The main function of is to create and edit text, reports, and web pages and email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles. The wizard makes it easier for new beginners to use. The wizards appear too much which is distractible. The main difference is that I would be able to create and edit text, reports, web ages and email messages easier and much more accurate. It can connect to any existing database. It is less popular than Microsoft Office Access so not many people use it. You dont have do buy this but you can get it for free. For some people this could be hard to use because of the extra functions. Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. It is much quicker and faster than internet explorer. It is not supported by a small proportion of web sites. The main difference is that I would be able to gather information and surf the net much quicker than internet explorer. It has more security on it because it doesnt let pop ups through at all. With Mozilla Firefox some websites do not display properly. It has more design and looks better than Internet Explorer. Fire fox has to be bought separately if it is to be installed in the computer. Paint Paint. net It works in the same way as paint. But this has extra special features and they work by having a user interface which can automatically know something new directly. There are different versions for different operating softwares. People could get wrong versions and so they wouldnt work and they would have to buy new ones. The main difference is that I will be able to get help from the online forums If I did not no how to use it. Also if I make a mistake and I realise after a bit, then I will be able to go to that mistake because there is unlimited undos. It has online forums which makes it easy for members to get help from users. Some people wont understand it because it looks very complicated. There is an unlimited amount of pressing undo. It doesnt come supplied with computers from before so you have to buy it. Microsoft Publisher It is used for creating mainly websites. Microsoft Word It is used for typing in any kind of information. Internet Explorer It is used for getting information. Ismail Bismillah Paint It is used for creating pictures, drawings, logo E. T. C Input These are the input devices I used to make my work easy. Device Speed Errors that can be made Way to correct errors Keyboard The speed of the keyboard is measured in form of words per minute. It depends if you are a fast typist or a slow one. Many errors can be done whilst typing. For example, when youre typing very quickly, you can press the wrong key which will change the spelling of a word. Also when youre typing numbers you can make mistakes. E. g. if you want to type in 786 and your in a rush you can make mistakes like pressing the wrong numbers. (768) The way to correct these errors is to type a lot and you will get use to it so much that you wont get any mistakes. Another easier method is to click on tools then click on spelling and grammar. This will show you all the mistakes and you can easily correct it later. Mouse The speed of the mouse also is measured in the similar way. (Clicks per minute) It depends if you are fast or slow on using the mouse. Many errors can also be made whilst using the mouse. The main error that can be made is that when you are in a rush, you can easily click on something wrong which will take you to a different place. Also the mouse can easily slip when youre moving it. The way to correct these errors is to use a mouse pad which is especially designed/made for mice. Another way to correct this error is to use the mouse a bit slower and not in a rush. Scanner The speed of the scanner depends on how much data is being scanned. It also depends on what type of scanner it is. Errors can be made using the scanner as well. The main error that can be made is that the paper can be put the wrong way (upside down). Also the paper can sometimes be inserted half way inside. The way to correct these errors is to check carefully which way the paper should be put in. Also the paper should be put in straight and not bent. Keyboard I detected errors in my work by using the spelling and grammar checker to check any spelling mistakes and any punctuation mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would use the proof reader to correct mistakes that are done in my work. To prevent errors from happening, I typed a bit slower and much more carefully and I carried on looking at the screen to see if there were any mistakes I made. Mouse I detected errors in my work by checking manually if I made any clicking mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that I would click the right thing if something unwanted had been clicked by going back and clicking the right thing. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that I would buy a mouse pad so that the mouse doesnt slip and so the wrong thing doesnt be clicked. Scanner I detected errors in my work by checking manually if all the information has been scanned and also that it is the right way round but not upside down. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that if the data is scanned upside down than I would delete that data and I would than scan the data again by moving the data on the scanner the other way round. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that the data is the right way round in the first place and also make sure that no part of it is covered up. Effects of Inaccurate Data Inaccurate data will affect the system in many ways. Data Effect Way it can be prevented Spelling mistakes (website). If spelling mistakes are made then wrong information might be given out and also the customers will think this agency is not a professional one. To prevent this I spell checker can be used. I can also tell someone to go through it and look at my mistakes. Hyperlinks not linked correctly If hyperlinks are not linked properly then the business will become low because when you click on the link itll send you somewhere else or not take you anywhere. This can be prevented by checking the hyperlinks properly and making sure there are no mistakes. Also makes sure checking takes place before advertising. Not changing the colour of hyperlinks If hyperlinks do not change colour then the customer will not no which site he has been to so he will go on that website repeatedly. The way this can be sorted out is that when a customer clicks on the hyper link then it should change colour so the customer does not go on it repeatedly. The best way to stop all the problems is to keep on checking if you have made mistakes. This way all your mistakes will be sorted out. And there wont be any inaccurate data Validation Validation is to make sure that data which is being entered should be reasonable and allowable meaning that it is something possible but it doesnt have to be correct. There are a few different types of validations to help reduce the number of errors made by a user: Type check, range check, picture or format check, check digit, field length checks etc. Verification The validation can be used to make sure that when a user types data in the computer and if there are any errors made in the typing then they are reduced. For example if a database was going to be made with mistakes like if a 1993 date of birth was typed and was not true, the computer will not take it as an error if was programmed to let in anything between 1990 and1994. So the results would be incorrect and full of mistakes. This could also be known as Garbage In, Garbage out (GIGO). So that is why validations are important to help make sure that the user knows if there are any errors that have been made when typing data into the computer but it does not help in telling if the data is true or false. Output This table shows the outputs I used. Device Type The way it works Advantages Disadvantages Best place to use it Printers Laser A mirror reflects a beam of laser, and then lays them. A toner is then sprayed onto it. A paper is now pressed onto the toner and is slightly heated so that it sticks firmly on the paper. It prints out very quickly compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is the most expensive printer especially the colour lasers. The best place to use this laser printer is an office because an office requires a large amount of papers printed in small amount of time and with less noise as possible. It prints out very fast compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers Because it is so big it takes up more space than ink-jet printers. It has a high quality compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is very expensive to repair because of the complex parts inside.

Out of the Darkness: Female Genital Mutiliation Essay -- Womens Righ

Since the 1790s, women have been struggling to overcome the confines imposed on them by dominant patriarchal societies. (Andrea and Overfield 257). Much advancement has been made as women have continued to bring to light their views and ultimate demand for equality with respect to their male counterparts (Andrea and Overfield 260). Despite how far they have come, feminist today find themselves combating the violation of women’s rights regarding the cultural tradition of female circumcision, which some feel is more appropriately referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM) (Johnsdotter and Ensà ©b 30). Millions of women and children have been and continue to be subjected to the barbaric act of FGM, which not only leaves their bodies disfigured, but carries lifelong significant health risks and in some cases even ends in death (Morrison 125, 128). After researching a multitude of documents and case studies regarding the practice of FGM, it is evident that feminist are war ranted in their alarm and even disgust, when faced with the knowledge that this practice is continuing to be uph...

ASDA’s Responses To Changes In Its Business Environment

ASDA Group (ASDA) owned by Wal-Mart group company, is a grocery and general merchandise retailer in the UK. In 2008, ASDA recorded a profit before tax of  £520.4m, down slightly from  £532.7m but exceeding arch rival Sainsbury's. ASDA's sales hit  £18.57bn, up from  £16.7bn, in ranking the chain third in the supermarket hierarchy after ASDA and Sainsbury's.There have been many changes in ASDA's business environment over the last 65 years. ASDA is usually conducting research to identify changes in the business environment and responding to the customer needs its research identifies. One of the research models is PESTE (STEEP). The PESTE model uses the five headings of sociological, technological, economic, environmental and political factors. Factors in the macro-environment such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes affect the management decisions at ASDA.Sociological (gender roles, age of consumers, the extent of local mig ration/mobility, patterns of consumption, culture of a population, out of town shopping/car usage, busy people/working more hours)One of the sociological factor is dietary habits. Nowadays, people want to try different and new foods. ASDA has responded by increasing its range of foreign foods such as Mexican, Indian and Chinese. Likewise, the large ethnic populations that have moved to the UK have made ASDA respond by increasing its range of foods. For example, there is a full aisle of Polish food in ASDA in Boston, Lincolnshire. This is not extraordinary, considering that in this little city (30,000 citizens) almost 50% is Polish. Another factor the ageing population also has impact on the demand for non-food products such glasses from optical stores. ASDA have its own ‘ASDA Opticians'. This is example how ASDA responds to changes in sociological environment and the age of customers factor.TechnologicalTechnology is an area where there have been a lot of advances. The example of this is the mass use of microwaves. The Company launched a range of microwaveable foods. Welcomed new technologies, ASDA has implemented online shopping and self service checkouts which make easier shopping for customers. Furthermore, new technologies enable improvements to the way that ASDA does its business. The company uses information technology to support its operations. For example, it can see how individual products are performing store-by-store at a glance through data collection. ASDA appears to have responded well in this area.Political – Legal changes (laws on foods, competition laws, rate of unemployment, tax policies, price regulations etc)Planning permission is heavily regulated in the UK. ASDA is aware of planning permission regulations. Store expansions goes ahead to comply with planning regulations. ASDA identifies relevant planning laws and comply with them to reduce any disruption to its store expansion programme by local people’s dissent or the local authority refusal. This supports the successful opening of a new store in an area. An example is the development of huge out of town ASDA Superstores which have huge car parks. This was made possible by the government allowing them planning permission to build.The UK is a member state of the EU so ASDA has to abide by EU laws e.g. competition laws. ASDA is restricted from growing too large. To overcome this they have started to offer more services such as financial services . There is ‘ASDA money' (ASDA FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED) which offers credit cards and insurance. In addition, it provides mobile phone network. The ‘ASDA mobile' is the cheapest supermarket mobile network with a cheaper overall tariff than rival Tesco.Environmental/Ecological (more focus on organic, recyclable, less waste, environmental regulations etc)A global warming is the one of the biggest threat to a natural environment. The cause of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. To m eet these challenges, ASDA supports carbon reductions in most of its stores. ASDA’s  stores are eco-friendly, 40% more energy efficient and emitting 50% less carbon dioxide than a standard new build store. Over the past couple of years ASDA has been working with its suppliers to reduce the amount of carbon emitted during manufacture, growing and processing of their products — something that’s known as embedded carbon.Many people now do not want to eat food that has been grown or reared using chemicals, they want natural food. ASDA has responded by introducing a wide range of organic food ranges. For example, ASDA have launched the Organix brand which helps people to find organic food on storefront shelves.Economic (recession, competition, inflation, taxes etc)ASDA like its main competitors Tesco and Sainsbury have been accused of tax avoidance, depriving farmers of a livelihood and functioning as modern-day monopolies that drive local businesses out of communi ties. ASDA has grown enormously and has forced many small retailers out of business; they have received a lot of criticism in this area and appear not to care. They have also been criticised for the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products , which in same cases has forced farms close.In addition, ASDA has been criticised for not responding to the needs of some shareholders, such as UK farmers. As we see this economic factors are where ASDA has problems responding positively to changes in business environment. It could have negative influence for its clients. Some people could change their preferences and to go shopping in a competitor supermarket due to a bad publicity.ConclusionIt is important to respond accurately to factors such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes. This evaluation has considered how ASDA has responded to external changes. In evaluating how well they have responded, they have responded well to externa l changes concerning their customers but not so well in areas of economics. Some of these wrong responses has influence for negative public relations, especially force many small retailers out of business and the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products. In other hand, to take  responsibility for natural environment by carbon reductions policy is really impressive.

Present Simple Worksheets for ESL Students

The present simple takes the following forms: Present Simple Positive Form Review Subject present simple form of verb objects Examples: Alison often watches TV after dinner.They play golf on Saturdays. Present Simple Negative Form Subject do/does not verb objects Examples: Jack doesnt spend much time on reading.They dont eat meat on Fridays. Present Simple Question Form (Question Word) do/does subject verb? Examples: What do you do after work?How often do you eat out? Important Notes The verb to be does not take the auxiliary verb do in the question or negative form. Examples: She is a teacher.I am from Seattle.Are you married? Time Expressions With Present Simple Adverbs of Frequency The following adverbs of frequency are often used with the present simple to express how often someone does something habitually. Remember that present simple is used to express daily routines and habits. These adverbs of frequency are listed from most frequent to least frequent. Adverbs of frequency are placed directly before the main verb. alwaysusuallyoftensometimesoccasionallyrarelynever Days of the Week and Times of the Day Days of the week are often used with s to indicate that someone does something regularly on a specific day of the week. Times of the day are used to express when someone usually does something. Notice that at is used with night, but in with other periods during the day. Finally, at is used with specific times during the day. Examples: I play golf on Saturdays.She gets up early in the morning.Tom catches the bus at 7.30 a.m. Present Simple Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses  using the form  indicated. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. I usually _____ (get up) at six oclock.How often _____ (she go) to the gym to workout?They _____ (be) from Holland.Jack _____ (not work) in the city.Where _____ (he live)?Alison _____ (visit) her friends on Saturdays.They _____ (not eat) meat on Fridays._____ (you play) tennis?Susan often _____ (drive) to the beach when the weather is nice.Eric _____ (not read) in Japanese.When _____ (she have) dinner?I _____ (take) a shower before I leave for work.How _____ (you start) this machine?He _____ (not work) on Sundays.Sharon rarely _____ (watch) TV.We occasionally _____ (take) the train to Seattle.Peter _____ (not like) buying food in supermarkets.Why _____ (they leave) work so late on Fridays?You sometimes _____ (do) housework._____ (she speak) Russian? Present Simple Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the  present simple tense. I sleep in late on (Saturday / Saturdays).How (much / often) do you visit your friends in Chicago?Jennifer doesnt catch the bus (in/at) 8 in the morning.Henry enjoys playing golf (in/at) the afternoon.Do they eat fish (in/on) Fridays?I usually have my meetings (on/at) 10 am.Susan doesnt like going out (at/on) Fridays.Our class (usually/usual) takes tests on Tuesdays.The teacher gives us notes (after/while) class.Sharon doesnt go to be before 11 pm (in/at) night.Where do they usually hold meetings (at/in) the morning?Tom (rare/rarely) gets up early on Sundays.We dont enjoy eating breakfast before six (at/in) the morning.Our parents (occasion/occasionally) catch a train to the city.She doesnt use a computer (at/in) night.Alexander has lunch (on/at) noon.David doesnt work (at/on) Tuesdays.They listen to classical music (in/at) the afternoon.Mary answers her e-mail on (Friday/Fridays).How often do you travel (in/on) Tuesdays? Answer Keys Present Simple Worksheet 1 I usually  get up  at six oclock.How often  does she go  to the gym to workout?They  are  from Holland.Jack  doesnt work  in the city.Where  does he live?Alison  visits  her friends on Saturdays.They  dont eat  meat on Fridays.Do you play  tennis?Susan often  drives  to the beach when the weather is nice.Eric  doesnt read  in Japanese.When  does she have  dinner?I  take  a shower before I leave for work.How  do you start  this machine?He  doesnt work  on Sundays.Sharon rarely  watches  TV.We occasionally  take  the train to Seattle.Peter  doesnt like  buying food in supermarkets.Why  do they leave  work so late on Fridays?You sometimes  do  housework.Does she speak  Russian? Present Simple Worksheet 2 I sleep in late on  Saturdays.How  often  do you visit your friends in Chicago?Jennifer doesnt catch the bus  at  8 in the morning.Henry enjoys playing golf  in  the afternoon.Do they eat fish  on  Fridays?I usually have my meetings  at  10 am.Susan doesnt like going out  on  Fridays.Our class  usually  takes tests on Tuesdays.The teacher gives us notes  after  class.Sharon doesnt go to be before 11 pm  at  night.Where do they usually hold meetings  in  the morning?Tom  rarely  gets up early on Sundays.We dont enjoy eating breakfast before six  in  the morning.Our parents  occasionally  catch a train to the city.She doesnt use a computer  at  night.Alexander has lunch  at  noon.David doesnt work  on  Tuesdays.They listen to classical music  in  the afternoon.Mary answers her e-mail on  Fridays.How often do you travel  on  Tuesdays?